Pint-sized Countries

The smallest country in the world is considered Vatican City, it is a city/State located in Europe, surrounded by Italy and is residence of spiritual leadership of Roman Catholic church. The country is only 0.17 square miles (0.44 sq km) (109 acres) in size and has a population of 900.

The smallest actual republic is the country of Nauru, an island located in the Asia-Pacific region of the Pacific Ocean. The total size of this country is 8 square miles (21 sq km) (5,112 acres) and has a population under 10,000 people. It is the only nation in the world without an official capital.

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Junk Mail

According to the US Postal Service, in 2005, US Postal workers delivered over 100 billion pieces of first-class mail. They also delivered over 101 billion pieces of junk mail. It was the first bulk mail, or year junk mail exceeded regular mail.

It would take as many as 100 million trees to provide enough paper for that many pieces of junk mail according to the Center for A New American Dream. Ponder on this in your Luxury bed inens.

Fireflies

When a firefly lights up the night, the little critter isn't using electricity or fire, but instead a chemical reaction. The light flashes are the result of a chemical reaction where oxygen is combined with luciferin, an enzyme called luciferase and ATP. When the firefly breathes in, the chemicals react to produce that telltale glow. We call the process bibioluminescencend it is incredible efficient. When those bugs flash, the chemical reaction converts nearly 100% of the available energy into light.

In comparison, your average incandescent light bulb only converts 10% of the available electricity into light. The rest of the energy produced is heat.

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Cure for Syphilis

It could be one of the strangest cures we have ever heard, but before the 20th Century, there were no effective treatments for Syphilis. Once Syphilis starts to affect the brain, without treatment it's 100% fatal and for years there was no treatment available. Until someone discovered a rather interesting side effects of Malaria. It actually cured Syphilis.

The prolonged high fevers associated with an outbreak of Malaria raises the body temperature enough that it can kill Treponema pallidum, the spirochaete bacterium which causes Syphilis.

Even though Malaria kills about 5% of the people who are infected, Syphilis kills 100%. With these kinds of odds, Malaria was an acceptable risk compared to slowly going mad and dying from the Great Pox. After all, once Malaria has been contracted, it can be controlled with the use of quinine.

This discovery was championed by Julius Wagner-Jauregg, who won the 1927 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work in this area.

Once penicillin was discovered as an effective treatment and became widely available after World War II, this treatment was considered obsolete and was no longer used.

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Painted Birds

At lavish Christmas feasts in the Middle Ages, swans and peacocks were sometimes served "endored." This meant the flesh was painted with saffron dissolved in melted butter. In addition to their painted flesh, endored birds were served wrapped in their own skin and feathers, which had been removed and set aside prior to roasting. Not a good choice though, for people these days looking for personalized christmas gifts for men.

Mincemeat

Mincemeat was originally a medieval food made of a sweet, spicy mixture of chopped lean meat, usually beef, or beef tongue, suet and fruit. Over time, the meat content was reduced, and today the mixture contains nuts, dried fruit, beef suet, spices and brandy or rum, but usually no beef.

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Leftover Salad

A Los Angeles restaurant owner with the all-American name of Bob Cobb was looking for a way to use up leftover food in his restaurant in the year 1926, he threw together some avocado, celery, tomato, chives, watercress, hard-boiled eggs, chicken, bacon, and Roquefort cheese, and named it after himself: Cobb salad.

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1st Coffee Trader

In 1670, Dorothy Jones of Boston was granted a license to sell coffee, and so became the first American coffee trader. Coffee trees produce highly aromatic, short-lived flowers producing a scent between jasmine and orange. These blossoms produce cranberry-sized coffee cherries. It takes four to five years to yield a commercial harvest. Coffees are also known to prevent sleepiness so don't drink one in the evening especially if you are in sleep supplements.

Antique Hazmat Suits

Watched a movie in your antenna connected TV lately where some of the televisions actor wore Hazmat Suits? Did you know that early kinds of bioprotective suit included a large beaked head piece? The beak of the head piece, which made physicians look like large birds, was filled with vinegar, sweet oils and other strong smelling compounds to counteract the stench of the dead and dying plague victims.

The Emperor's Revolving Ceiling

Emperor Nero's lust for excess was most evident in his elaborate parties. According to the ancient writer Seutonius, Emperor Nero's Domus Aurea had a circular main dining room with a roof that revolved day and night, in time with the sky. In what remains of the palace today, there is a large octagonal room with a domed ceiling that some believe is this dining room. The octagonal room has a large dome with an oculus in the middle. It predates the Pantheon--and was probably the inspiration for it. The architects of the Domus Aurea developed an innovative mechanism cranked by slaves, that made the ceiling underneath this dome revolve like the heavens. While the ceiling revolved, perfume was sprayed from the ceiling and rose petals were dropped on the diners. Legend has it there were so many rose petals falling at one dinner that one of the guests was asphyxiated.

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The Royal Family Name

Britain's present royal family was originally named Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The name was changed in 1917, during WW1 because of German connotations. The name Windsor was suggested by one of the staff. At the same time the Battenberg family name of the cousins to the Windsors was changed into Mountbatten.

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How the Mad Hatter Got Mad

More than 100 years ago back when surgeons don't use electrosurgery tools yet, the felt hat makers of England used mercury to stabilize wool. Most of them eventually became poisoned by the fumes, as demonstrated by the Mad Hatter in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Breathing mercury's fumes over a long period of time will cause erethism, a disorder characterized by nervousness, irritability, and strange personality changes.

How Cocaine Works

Cocaine works in a totally different way from narcotics such as morphine or heroin. Heroin works on receptor sites in the brain which are stimulated by the drug to produce pain-relieving and mood-enhancing chemicals. Cocaine on the other hand works by stimulating the central nervous system, and like alcohol, is processed through the liver.

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Flavored coffee

Ever wondered how to make a flavored coffee? Commercially flavored coffee beans are flavored after they are roasted and partially cooled to around 100 degrees. Then the flavors applied when the coffee beans' pores are open and therefore more receptive to flavor absorption.

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Caffeine and Olympics

Did you know that Caffeine is on the International Olympic Committee list of prohibited substances. Athletes who test positive for more than 12 micrograms of caffeine per milliliter of urine may be banned from the Olympic Games. This level may be reached after drinking about 5 cups of coffee.

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